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Introduction to the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart
The 7th edition (2006) of the “Karlsruher Nuklidkarte” contains new and updated radioactive decay data on more than 600 nuclides not found in the previous (1998) edition. In total, nuclear data on 2962 experimentally observed nuclides and 692 isomers is presented. Most recent values of the atomic weights, isotopic abundances and cross sections are included together with the thermal fission yields for both 235U and 239Pu. The accompanying booklet has been considerably revised to include a history and overview of nuclear science. The multi-lingual “Explanation of the Chart of the Nuclides” has been extended from the original four languages (English, German, French, Spanish) and now includes Chinese and Russian.
For almost 50 years, the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart has provided scientists and students with structured, accurate information on the half-lives and decay modes of radionuclides, as well as the energies of emitted radiation. Beyond the more traditional physical sciences such as health physics and radiation protection, nuclear and radiochemistry, and astrophysics, the Chart is now in wide and common usage in the life and earth sciences (biology, medicine, agriculture, geology, etc.). An important characteristic of the Chart is its great didactic value for education and training in the nuclear sciences. It has been used in training programmes worldwide and is a valuable and welcome addition to many books on nuclear science including school physics textbooks. Since the previous 1998 edition of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, many comprehensive nuclear data sources have become available in electronic form on CD-ROM and on the internet. Nevertheless, the paper-based Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, with its fold-out and wall chart versions, remains an aesthetically appealing record of human achievement in nuclear science. It provides a unique overview of current knowledge and is for many the preferred medium for ease of use, convenience and practicality.
This new 2006 edition coincides with the 50th anniversary of the “Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe” which has overseen management of the chart since its inception there in 1958. The European Commission’s Joint Research Centre will continue this tradition through support and development of the current and future editions of the chart at the Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU) in Karlsruhe.
The Karlsruhe Chart of the Nuclides is available as both a 44 page brochure with 20 page fold-out nuclide chart and as a wallchart (1.00 m x 1.40 m). Further information can be found in the flyer.
Online Shop
J. Magill, G. Pfennig, J. Galy, Karlsruhe Nuklidkarte
7th Edition 2006, Revised printing November 2009
New! Revised Printing (brochure + fold-out chart) July 2009
ORDER NOW ONLINE!
FZK Press Release February 2007
A short history of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart (in German)
A short history of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart (in English)
Do you have a question on the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart?
Post it here
See also our Ask an Expert page
Press Releases and Publications
- article in the FAZ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, June 9, 2010.
- article in the BNN (local German newspaper, April 2010
- The Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, 51 Years Mapping the Nuclear Landscape, C. Normand, J. Magill, G. Pfennig, Nuclear Physics News,Vol. 20, No. 1, 2010, 34-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10619121003635667
- Trazando el paisaje nuclear 50 años de historia de la Karlsruher Nuklidkarte, Notas Historicas, Revista Española de Física (Vol. 24 nº 1, 2010 pag 76-80), http://www.rsef.org
New Karlsruhe Nuclide "Carpet" for International Year of Astronomy
A special version of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart was prepared for display at the International Year of Astronomy 2009 exhibition in November in Paris. The chart, shown in the photos below, was presented to the public in an exhibition dedicated to astrophysics and nucleo-synthesis in the stars - 2009 being the International Year of Astronomy. It was exactly 400 hundred years ago in 1609 that Galileo first pointed his telescope to the skies. 2009 was also the anniversary of the publication of Kepler’s "Astronomia Nova" in which he corrected Copernicus’s description of the solar system and the motion of the planets. To celebrate this event, ITU and CEA designed a special giant version of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart. In contrast to previous versions, this new chart was in the form of a "carpet". This “floor chart” was designed to be especially durable to resist wear and tear due to exhibition crowds walking over it. The dimensions of the floor chart (approximately 1.3m x 8.0m), were such that the nuclide information could be read easily.
50th Anniversary of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart
The 1st Edition of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart was published in 1958. To celebrate the 50th anniversary in 2008, a special one-day event was organised by ITU on 9th Dec. 2008 in the Gartensaal of the Karlsruhe Schloss (castle). Presentations were made by a number of renowned scientific experts: A. Zichichi (CERN), A. Popeko (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna), F. Bosch (GSI Darmstadt), F. K. Thielemann (University of Basel), W. Kutschera (University of Vienna), M. J. Garcia Borge (Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Madrid), A. Türler (University of Munich), A. Marinov (University of Jerusalem), G. Drexlin, KIT Karlsruhe. During the event, the special commemorative publication [1] to mark the 50th Anniversary of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart was presented.
During the event, the special commemorative publication to mark the 50th Anniversary of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart was officially presented.
Proceedings of the event
Links to the presentations:
Opening by the chairman - Th. Fanghänel, JRC-ITU
Welcome and Introduction - R. Schenkel, General Director JRC
Nuclide Chart History - C. Normand, JRC-ITU
Evolution of the Universe - F. K. Thielemann, University of Basel
Antiparticles & Antimatter - A. Zichichi, CERN
Application of Nuclear Science to Cultural Heritage - W. Kutschera, University of Vienna
Beta-Delayed Charged Particles - M. J. Garcia Borge, CSIC
Chemistry of Superheavy Elements - A. Türler, University of Munich
Super- and Hyperdeformed Isomeric States - A. Marinov, University of Jerusalem
Heaviest Nuclei - A. Popeko, JINR
Beta Decay and Stellar Nucleosynthesis - F. Bosch, GSI
KATRIN: Hunting Neutrino Masses - G. Drexlin, FZK
Links to the posters:
Institute for Transuranium Elements
Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart:Commemoration of the 50th Anniversary
For photos of the event please see our Gallery below.
Commemorative book
This commemorative publication, to mark the 50th Anniversary of the “Karlsruher Nuklidkarte”, provides a broad, state of the art overview of scientific research in the nuclear sciences. In total there are 30 scientific articles written by experts in their various fields together with the historical Nobel lectures by Becquerel and Soddy. The publication provides a broad, state of the art overview of scientific research in the nuclear sciences. Chapter introductions were written by R. Bimbot (France), M. Lewitowicz (France), B. Jonson (Sweden), G. Audi (France), S. Banerjee (India), R. Leonardi (Italy) together with Nobel laureates J. I. Friedman (USA) and G. ‘t Hooft (Netherlands). The chapters are arranged as follows:
• history
• experimental developments
• quarks and strong interaction
• beta decay and neutrinos
• nuclides and radioactivity
• nuclear data
• biophysics and medical applications
• dating and nuclear forensics
In total there are 30 scientific articles covering fundamental and theoretical aspects of nuclear physics and chemistry including the discovery of new elements and decay modes, neutrinos, quarks, antimatter, and dark matter. Technological developments are described in a series of articles ranging from space radiation biophysics and health care to archaeological dating, forensics and cultural heritage.
New! December 2008 ORDER THIS BOOK NOW ONLINE!
Please see the flyer below for further information about the book.
Press Announcements
Mit Nuklidkarte für Stadt Karlsruhe Werben? (in German)
Joint Research Centre Newsletter January 2009 see also Editorial by Prof. Zichichi on the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, Jan. 2009
Nuklidkarte als Aushängeschild für Karlsruhe
"Die FDP stellt jetzt einen Antrag, dass die Verwaltung eine Strategie vorbereitet, wie die Stadt - gemeinsam mit dem Stadtmarketing - die weltberühmte Karlsruher Nuklidkarte so nutzen kann, dass die Kernforschungskapazität in der Karlsruher Technologieregion in der globalen Wissenschaft noch mehr in den Fokus der Öffentlichkeit gebracht werden könnte."
"Das Institut für Transurane in Karlsruhe habe gerade mit großer internationaler Aufmerksamkeit das 50-jährige Jubiläum der Karlsruher Nuklidkarte gefeiert, erinnerten die Liberalen. Neben den Radiowellen, entdeckt von Heinrich Hertz, sei wahrscheinlich keine andere wissenschaftliche Initiative so global bekannt wie die Karlsruher Nuklidkarte. Sie sei während der letzten 50 Jahre in mehr als 350.000 Kopien verkauft worden und damit ein aktiver Teil der globalen wissenschaftlichen Welt. Karlsruhe hätte eine lange Tradition und Erfahrung in der Kernforschung."
Radio interview (in German) with J. Magill on the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, 9th Jan. 2009 (part 1) (part 2)
Article in ka-news.de (in German) 10th Dec. 2008
Article in BNN (local Karlsruhe newspaper) on the KNC Event, 10th Dec. 2008
Joint ITU/FZK Press Release, 9th Dec. 2008
http://idw-online.de/pages/de/news293046
JRC News Release, 9th Dec. 2008
Gallery
| Karlsruher Nuklidkarte: Commemoration of the 50th Anniversary... | |||
...the book |
editors at work! |
 |
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Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart in the VERA seminar room in Vienna, courtesy Prof. Kutschera |
Welcome of Roland Schenkel |
Christophe Normand, Editor |
... and with Dr. Popeko, JINR |
Prof. A. Zichichi, CERN |
Prof. W. Kutschera, University of Vienna |
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Presentation of the book by Director Prof. Th. Fanghänel |
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Prof. M. J. Garcia Borge, CSIC |
Prof. A. Türler, University of Munich |
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Thank you to Gerda Pfennig "Mutter der Nuklidkarte" |
Participants at the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart Event: Celebration of the 50th Anniversary |
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Why is the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart so popular?
(Qu.) In the literature one can find many collections of nuclear data: ICRP 38 (1983), IAEA Safety Series 115 (1996), Guideline 96/29/Euratom (1996), K. Debertin (PTB) in Kohlrausch "Praktische Physik" Band 3 (1996), "Handbook of Health Physics and Radiological Health", 3. edition (1998), IAEA Safety Guide TS-G-1.1 (June 2002), Schultz/Vogt "Grundzüge des praktischen Strahlenschutzes", 3. edition (2004), ...... In addition there is much information available on the internet.
So why is the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart so popular?
(Ans.)
1. In contrast to many other data sources, the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart (KNC) is based primarily on EXPERIMENTAL data. Currently experimental data on 2962 ground states and 692 isomers is given.
2. The data given in the KNC is COMPREHENSIVE. Data on all new nuclides (e.g. new super heavies, nuclides at the proton and neutron driplines, etc.), half-lives, energy emissions etc. are given. This is not the case in many datafiles. The European Datafile JEFF3.1, is a very good example of this. JEFF stands for Joint Evalauted Fission and Fusion file. It has been developed mainly for the nuclear reactor community. New nuclides with very short half-lives are not of interest here and are in many cases just omitted. Also new modes of decay are not listed here. Examples here are cluster emission and bound beta decay. This latter process is of great interest in astrophysics - but it is not of interest in JEFF.
3. The data given in the KNC are CONDENSED. Each nuclide in the KNC is descirbed in a small box wich contains the half-life, emission energies etc. Due to space, however, only very limited data can be given in such small boxes. This is both an advantage and a disadvantage. In moderrn electronic databases much more data is given but for most cases is it not particulary of interest. Consider Pu-239: in the Nucleonica electronic database, for example, there are over 200 gamma lines and emission probabilities listed (these lines are important for applications for example in dosimetry & shielding). So in the KNC, since the space is very limited, great care is taken to choose the most important data.
4. The KNC is of great didactic value. Once you have understood the basic colour schemes (yellow, red, blue etc.) you can trace out the decay scheme "by hand". This also holds true for nuclear reactions e.g. the buildup of actinides in a reactor.
5. The KNC "brochure" with fold-out chart is very popular. It is not uncommon to see people walking about with this brochure under their arm. It can be taken and read in trains, planes etc. It is just very convenient. Excerpts from this chart are included in school physics textbooks. The wallcharts hang on the walls of scientists and students all over the world.
To summarise:
The paper-based Karlsruhe Nulcide Chart, with its fold-out and wall chart versions, remains an aesthetically appleaing record of human achievement in nuclear science. It provides a unique overview of current knowledge and is for many the preferred medium for ease of use, convenience and practicality.
Why is Ta181m (half-life 6.8 µs) not in the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart?
In the "Explanation of the Chart of the Nuclides", it is stated...
Metastable states, which do not undergo alpha, or ß-decay, or spontaneous fission, i.e. decay only by gamma emission, are included only if their half-life is larger than 1 s.
There are very many metastable states with short half-lives and which decay by gamma emission. For space reasons these have not been included in the present edition of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart. Due to the importance of some of these nuclides e.g. Ta181m, we are currently reconsidering this. If the metastable state undergoes decay by particle emission (rather than by gamma emission), they are indicated even if their half-lives are very short.
Explanation of the Nuclide Chart - translations
For further information on the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, 7th edition, we have extracted the multilingual "Explanation of the Chart of the Nuclides" from the brochure. The pdf's can be found below for download:
| English/German |  | |
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| Spanish/French |  | |
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| Chinese/Russian |  | |
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New! English/Turkish translated by Ümit S. ONER, Ege University
French/Italian translated by M.R.Tedeschi 
English/Japanese translated by Dr. K. Uozumi 
English/Korean translated by Dr. P. Lee 
English/Romanian tr. by Dr. Catalin ALECU 
These documents provide a comprehensive explanation on how to use the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart.
Additional translations? Are you interested in translating the "Explanation of the Chart of the Nuclides" into your own language? If so, please contact: Joseph Magill (joseph.magill@ec.europa.eu)
Download the template for the translation.
Explanation of the Nuclide Chart (Examples)
The multi-lingual "Explanation of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart" is quite technical and very concise. In this section, we will try to clarify the nuclide description given in the nuclide "box". For the decay schemes, see http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/mird/index.html.
He 8
The first example described is He8:
ß- 9.7...
The ß- symbol implies that this nuclide a ß- emitter. The fact that there are no other main decay modes (see list below) means that the branching ratio for ß- emission is 1. This fact also determines that the nuclide box is entirely blue.
The main decay modes are:
p: proton decay
α: alpha decay
ε: electron capture
ß+: positron decay
Iγ: isomeric transition
sf: spontaneous fission
ce: cluster emission
n: neutron emission
Note that the entries below the "ß- 9.7..." on γ and beta delayed particle emission ßn and ßt refer to subsidiary modes - these are not main decay modes.
The 9.7 refers to the end point energy of the ß- particle in MeV. The actual value in the database is 9.668. However, this value is rounded to give only one digit following the decimal point.
The following three dots "..." imply that there is more than one ß- particle emitted. If there are no dots after the ß- energy, then there is only a single ß- particle emitted.
The fact that only a single energy is given, means that the 9.7 MeV ß- particle has both the highest branching ratio AND the highest energy. In the case of C15, for example, the entry in the nuclide box is ß- 4.5; 9.8... which means that there are more than two ß- particles emitted. The first energy, 4.5 MeV, refers to ß- particle with the highest branching ratio. The second energy, 9.8 MeV, refers to ß- particle with the highest energy. This notation holds only for ß- and ß+ emission. For other particles, if two energies are given, then these correspond to the two most probable (highest branching ratios) emissions.
γ 981; 478*
The gamma emissions, denoted by the symbol γ and followed by the gamma energies, refer to subsidiary decay modes associated with the main ß- decay mode. This entry on gamma emission must be below a main decay mode (in this case the ß- mode). The fact that the gamma emission entry is above the ßn and ßt entries implies that the gamma emission probability is higher than the ßn, ßt branching ratio.
The two numbers 981; 478* refer to the two most important gamma lines associated with the decay of He8. The 981 refers to the γ energy in keV. The value is rounded to the nearest integer keV. The 478* with an asterisk, refers to the γ energy in keV associated with the delayed particle emission.
ßn; ßt
This entry implies that there are two beta delayed particle emissions associated with the decay of He8: beta-delayed neutron emission ßn and beta-delayed triton emission ßt.
Te 108
The main modes of decay are ß+ and alpha emission, respectively. The fact that the ß+ is above the alpha indicates that the branching ratio for ß+ emission is greater than 50%. The branching ratio for the alpha emission is greater than 5 but less than 50%.
Following the ß+ entry there is no energy given - this means that the ß+ energy has not been measured. It can of course be calculated.
The alpha emission, which has a branching ratio of between 5 and 50%, gives rise to an alpha particle energy of 3.317 MeV.
The beta delayed proton emission entry is ßp 2-3. This implies that there is a range of protons emitted. Had the notation ßp 2.5... been used, for example, this would mean that the most probable proton energy is 2.5 MeV. But in this case it is not known what the most probable proton energy is.
A simplified decay scheme is shown below.
K 51
In the case of K 51, the beta delayed neutron entry is ßn 2.23; 0.84. In contrast to the case for ß- and ß+ emission, this implies that the 2.23 and the 0.84 are the two most probable neutron energies.
Co 60
Ground State
ß- 0.3; 1.5...
Endpoint energy of the ß- particle with the highest branching ratio is 0.3 MeV.
Endpoint energy of the ß- particle with the highest energy is 1.5 MeV.
There are two associated gamma transitions at 1332 keV and 1173 keV.
Metastable state
Iγ 59 e-
The main decay mode of the metastable state is by isomeric transition Iγ. The energy of the emitted gamma photon is 59 keV. The fact that the photon energy is followed by e- implies that the transition is highly converted (conversion coefficient greater than 1). Note that conversion electrons e- have no energy information in the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart. This is just a "flag" which indicates that conversion electrons are involved.
ß-...
denotes ß- transitions with known energies for which the sum of their branching ratios is less than 1%.
γ (1332...)
The brackets () indicates that the intensities of the gamma transitions are less than 1%. The main gamma energy, however, is at 1332 keV.
58
(n, γ)-cross sections for the formation of the ground state of Co 61 by thermal neutrons (barn)
Cs 137
Ground State
ß- 0.5; 1.2...
Endpoint energy of the ß- particle with the highest branching ratio is 0.5 MeV.
Endpoint energy of the ß- particle with the highest energy is 1.2 MeV.
m;g
The Cs 137 ground state decays directly to the excited and ground state of the daughter Ba137. Since m appears first in "m;g" this means decay to the isomeric state has a higher branching ratio (i.e. 94%).
There is an associated gamma transitions from Ba137m to the ground state at 662 keV.
0.2 + 0.07
(n, γ)-cross sections for the formation of the metastable and the ground state of Cs 138 by thermal neutrons (barn)
Eu 152
Ground State
ε;ß+...
The main decay mode is electron capture. The ß+... refers to the fact that branching ratio for positron emission is less than 1%.
ß- 0.7; 1.5
Endpoint energy of the ß- particle with the highest branching ratio is 0.7 MeV.
Endpoint energy of the ß- particle with the highest energy is 1.5 MeV.
The two main (highest emission probabilities) gamma transitions are at 122 keV and 344 keV.
Recent Scientific Progress
- Identification of 45 New Neutron-Rich Isotopes Produced by In-Flight Fission of a 238U Beam at 345 MeV/nucleon, Tetsuya Ohnishi et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 79 (2010) 073201 (5 pages)http://jpsj.ipap.jp/link?JPSJ/79/073201/pdf
- R. Pohl etal., The size of the proton. Nature, 2010; 466 (7303): 213 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09250
- The magic nature of Sn132 explored through the single-particle states of Sn133, Nature, 465, 27 May 2010, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09048
- Doubly magic tin, Nature, 465, 27 May 2010, http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v465/n7297/full/465430a.html
- Synthesis of a New Element with Atomic Number Z=117, Yu. Ts. Oganessian et al., PRL 104, 142502 (2010), http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.142502
- Direct mass measurements above uranium bridge the gap to the island of stability Nature 463, 785 (2010) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08774 Press Release http://idw-online.de/pages/de/news355193
- EVIDENCE FOR THE POSSIBLE EXISTENCE OF A LONG-LIVED SUPERHEAVY NUCLEUS WITH ATOMIC MASS NUMBER A = 292 AND ATOMIC NUMBER Z = 122 IN NATURAL Th http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0218301310014662
- New Measurement of the 60Fe Half-Life http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.072502
- Discovery of element 112 contested http://arxiv.org/abs/0909.1057
- How old is rain? http://link.aip.org/link/?JAPIAU/104/074912/1
- CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants:2006, http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/codata.pdf
- (15 new nuclides!) Evidence for a Change in the Nuclear Mass Surface with the Discovery of the Most Neutron-Rich Nuclei with 17<Z<25 http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PRLTAO000102000014142501000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes
- DISCOVERY OF THE ELEMENT WITH ATOMIC NUMBER 112 (IUPAC Technical Report)http://media.iupac.org/publications/pac/2009/pdf/8107x1331.pdf
- Standard Atomic Weights Revised, IUPAC, http://old.iupac.org/news/archives/2007/atomic-weights_revised07.html
- Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report), M. E. Wieser, http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/78/11/2051/
- (30th March 2009) Discovery of 229 Rn...http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PRLTAO000102000011112501000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes
- Peaceful coexistence of nuclear shapes http://physics.aps.org/articles/v2/18
- "Peking man" a lot older than thought: study http://www.reuters.com/article/email/idUSTRE52A5RW2009031 see also http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v458/n7235/full/nature07741.html
- Search for long-lived isomeric states in neutron-deficient thorium isotopes, J. Lachner et al., Phys. Rev. C 78, 064313 (2008) http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.78.064313
- Identification of a shape isomer in U-235 http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.042502
- Evidence for Correlations Between Nuclear Decay Rates and Earth-Sun Distance, 25 Aug. 2008, see http://arxiv.org/abs/0808.3283
- Workshop on the Atomic Properties of the Heaviest Elements, Sept. 25-27th 2006, Eur. Phys. J. D 45, 1-2 (2007).
- Beta decay of highly charged ions, F. Bosch, Hyperfine Interactions (2006) 173:1-11, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10751-007-9535-2
- First observation of ß-delayed three-proton emission in 45Fe. K. Miernik et al., Phys. Rev. C 76, 041304(R) (2007) abstract
- First Direct Observation of Two Protons in the Decay of 45Fe with a Time-Projection Chamber, J. Giovinazzo et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 102501 (2007) abstract
- Two-Proton Correlations in the Decay of 45Fe, K. Miernik et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 192501 (2007) abstract
- Discovery of 40Mg and 42Al suggests neutron drip-line slant towards heavier isotopes, T. Baumann et al., Nature 449, 1022-1024 (25 October 2007), abstract download pdf
- Synthesis and decay properties of superheavy elements, Y. Oganessian, Pure Appl. Chem., 78, 889 (2006).full paper
- Probing the limit of nuclear existence: Proton emission from 159Re, Physics Letters B Volume 641, Issue 1, 28 September 2006, Pages 34-37, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2006.08.014
- The history of nuclidic masses and of their evaluation, G. Audi, http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.ijms.2006.01.048
- Reaching the limits of nuclear Stability, M. Thoennessen, Rep. Prog. Phys. 67 (2004) 1187-1232.
- New determination of the half-life of 205Bi, J. Kuhnhenn et al., Radiochim. Acta 92, 233-235 (2004).
- Bound-state beta decay and nuclear lifetime measurements at the storage-cooler ring ESR http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0375-9474(97)00537-X
- Direct Observation of Bound Beta Decay at the FRS/ESR, 2001. Full Paper
- Half-life of Re187= 42.2+-1.3 Gy: M. Lindner et al., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53, 1597 (1989).
Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, 7th Edition 2006, various printings
Errata in the first (2006) printing: http://www.nucleonica.net/errata/errata.xml
Brochure and Fold-out Chart
Revised Printing 2007
Revised Printing 2009: In the brochure, some errors in table 2.4 fission (shape) isomers have been corrected (half-lives given in ms should be in µs).
Wallchart
Revised Printing, November 2009
Nuclear Science References
For the latest information on articles published on a nuclide for nuclide basis is given in the Nuclear Science References.
The Nuclear Science References (NSR) database is an indexed bibiliography of primary and secondary references in nuclear physics research. About 80 journals are regularly scanned for articles. Recent references are added on a weekly basis. Approximately 4300 entries are added to the database annually.
In general, articles are included in NSR if they include measured, calculated, or deduced quantitative nuclear structure or reaction data. Papers that apply previously known data are generally not included. Examples of this include neutron activation analysis using known cross sections or radiological dating using known half-lives.
NSR has been in existence for several decades, in various forms. Originally, the focus of the database was on papers related to low-energy nuclear structure studies. Over time, the scope has widened to include more reaction and high-energy references. As a result, some older references may not be included in NSR, even if more current papers covering similar data are included.
As a rule, an effort is made to enter all new primary references that fall within the database scope. In order to avoid undue duplication, not all secondary references (reports, conferences, etc) are entered.
Nuclear Data Files and their References
http://wwwndc.jaea.go.jp/nucldata/evlrefs.html
Historical
A short history of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart (in German)
A short history of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart (in English)
1968, 3rd Edition: Brochure Fold-out Chart
1961, 2nd Edition: Brochure Fold-out Chart
1958, 1st Edition: Brochure Fold-out Chart
External links
see the Karlsruhe Nulcide Chart in the GRS website... http://www.grs.de/kompetenzfelder/reaktorsicherheit.html?pe_id=2&pe_id=25
http://www.periodicvideos.com/extravideos.htm#
Table of Istopes, D. Strominger, J. M Hollander, aand G. T. Seaborg, 1958
